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- SINGAPORE
- A Survey of its Economic Institutions
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- BY:
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- Travis Whitted
- May 24, 1995
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- Since its inception, the Republic of Singapore has combined the fastest growth with the
- lowest inflation of any industrial economy. This feat was accomplished with a strict set
- of economic goals including a conservative monetary and fiscal policy, free trade, and a
- commitment to stable prices (Wood, 25). This evaluation of Singapore's economy will look
- at the history and forces behind their success.
-
- Background
-
- Sir Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a British trading post in 1819. At the time
- the island was scarcely inhabited, had no valuable resources, was mostly marsh and jungle
- land and wasn't located on the major commercial trade routes. The only thing the island
- had going for it was its location for secondary trade and its deep water port. It wasn't
- until the 1860's, when the Suez Canal opened, that the port's true potential was realized.
- With the canal thoroughfare, the island suddenly became attractive as a resting point.
- Initially, it was used as a coaling station for the steam boats traversing the new routes
- between the East and West. From here, Singapore was rapidly integrated in the commercial
- channels as a source for rubber and tin, and as a distributor for goods collected from
- Europe and America (Woronoff, 121-2). This newfound prosperity came to a halt in World War
- II when Singapore's occupation was juggled between Japan, Britain, and Malaysia. After all
- the commotion was over, Singapore secured its independence on August 1965 and was declared
- a republic in December 1965. At this point, the Republic of Singapore had to start
- anew (Buchanan, 31). In effect, it had to develop it's own system of government and
- economic policies to retain its success. After all the smoke cleared Singapore was able to
- accomplish this feat and much more.
-
- Setting
-
- Singapore has approximately the area and population of the city of Chicago. The total land
- area is about 239 square miles including 58 surrounding islets. It is separated from the
- mainland of Malaysia by the Johore Strait to the north. Across the Strait of Malacca and
- the Singapore Strait to the west and south of the island lies Indonesia. It is situated
- just 85 miles north of the equator so its climate is tropical (Deyo, 104). The population
- is entirely urban with "a strong manufacturing base, and active service sector, and
- virtually no agriculture" (Gregory, 261). There are also virtually no natural resources
- (Woronoff, 122). Throughout its development, Singapore's population has increased at a
- blinding rate due to immigration and high birth rates. It went from a few thousand when
- Raffles arrived to about a million after the war to about 2.8 million today (Buchanan,
- 162).
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- Economy
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- Singapore has one of the World's most open economies, rivaled only by Hong Kong. There are
- few protective tariffs and the government has provided an attractive climate for foreign
- investment. It has one of the world's largest and busiest ports and oil refinery centers.
- Also, it is a major financial center, trailing only London, New York, and Hong Kong in the
- number of commercial banks (135) and is the center of the Asian Dollar Market with 190
- financial institutions that cater to foreign depositors. Compared to the size of its
- economy, Singapore leads the world in foreign trade (Wood, 30). Goals are something
- Singapore holds dear. Among them are "the diversification and upgrading of industry while
- developing the island into a center of regional services and international finance."
- Skill-intensive and high-tech industries are encouraged (Buchanan, 164). Among the main
- industries that have made Singapore successful are as follows. Manufacturing is
- responsible for about 25% of the GDP. From 1965 to 1980, manufacturing grew at an annual
- rate of 13.3%. Other major activities are petroleum refining, and machinery and appliances
- (including the large electronics industry). Interestingly, agriculture is responsible for
- the employment of only about 1% of the labor force (Wood, 139-40). This is a drastic
- difference to many of its neighbors and the reason will be introduced shortly.
-
- Though Singapore is a capitalist society, their monetary policy hardly takes a laissez
- faire approach. In their commitment to monetary stability, the government sets economic
- goals and "unhesitatingly interferes with market forces to achieve those goals" (Wood, 30).
- Examples of how the government accomplishes its goals are discussed briefly below. Because
- land space is so limited, the government steps in to make sure it is used in the most
- efficient way. Road construction is kept to a minimum by a 225% tax on new automobile
- purchases, cremation is encouraged, outlying villages are destroyed and its inhabitants
- transferred to urban high-rise housing, and agriculture has been nearly eliminated. The
- logic behind reducing agriculture is that it is very land intensive and cheap food is
- available from the nearby agricultural communities. This effectively leaves room for the
- less land intensive activities like trade, manufacturing, and services. Between 1965 and
- 1989 the share of agriculture and fishing in GDP fell from 3.1% to 0.3% (Wood, 31). Beyond
- having high automobile taxes, the government offers other incentives to alternative
- transportation. They have a network of high quality public transportation which consists
- of buses, taxis, and a mass-rapid-transit (MRT) system. The MRT routes link the major
- housing estates with the central business district. Also showing Singapore's commitment to
- high quality transportation is the national carrier, Singapore Airlines, which has a
- world-wide reputation of excellence (Deyo, 47).
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- On fiscal policy, the government of Singapore enforces private savings and manages a
- surplus in its own budget. Savings exceed 40% of income and most is handled through the
- Central Provident Fund under which employers and employees contribute 18% and 22% to
- respectively. Withdrawals from this account are only allowed for home purchase (the main
- use), retirement income, home repair, and hospital expenses. (Buchanan, 107).
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- Singapore is classified as an upper-middle-income country by the World Bank.
- Performance-wise, Singapore's economy has done very well compared to the rest of the world.
- In 1989 the unemployment rate was at 2.2%, down from 6% in 1970 (Wood, 32). The GNP per
- capita in 1985 was $7420, the second highest in Southeast-Asia behind Brunei. Wages, which
- are controlled, rose 8.7 percent per annum (compared with a growth rate of 4.6%) between
- 1979 and 1984 (Woronoff, 140). Between 1965 and 1990, the average annual growth rate of
- Singapore's per capita real GDP was 7.2% compared to 6.7% for South Korea and 6.4% for
- Taiwan (Singapore's closest competitors). Singapore's average rate of consumer price
- inflation was 3.6%, compared with 4.2% for West Germany which had the second lowest
- inflation, and 5.6% for the U.S. (Wood, 25).
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- Conclusion
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- Singapore's dedication to a strong economy and stable prices have made it one of the most
- successful economies in the world in a relatively short amount of time. It's openness to
- the outside world lends itself as an example as to what other newly developing economies
- and governments can accomplish if they are committed to their goals. Granted, Singapore's
- governmental and economic institutions have only been around for 30 years so we will have
- to see how they stand the test of time. There's no denying, though, that they are off to a
- great start.
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- Bibliography
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- Buchanan, Iain. Singapore in Southeast Asia. London: G Bell and Sons, LTD, 1972.
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- Deyo, Frederic C. The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism. London: Cornell
- University Press, 1987.
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- Gregory, Paul R. Comparative Economic Systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1995.
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- Wood, John H. "Monetary Policy in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Singapore." Economic
- Review Second Quarter 1992: 25-36.
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- Woronoff, Jon. Asia's "Miracle" Economies. New York: M.E. Sharpe, INC, 1986.
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